Arsip Artikel
Menindak Tegas ‘Eigenrichting’
Oleh Achmad Fauzi
Hakim Pratama Madya di Pengadilan Agama Kota Banjar, Jawa Barat
Artikel ini dimuat di Koran Jawa Pos tanggal 11 Agustus 2017
Masyarakat pasti kenal barang elektronik bernama amplifier. Salah satu bagian sistem tata suara yang berfungsi sebagai penguat sinyal audio itu jadi saksi bisu kekejian main hakim sendiri (eigenrichting). Sekelompok orang melakukan tindakan biadab terhadap Muhammad Aljahra alias Zoya yang dicurigai mencuri amplifier milik Musala Al-Ikhlas, Babelan, Kabupaten Bekasi. Massa yang terpancing emosi bertindak beringas dan menganiaya korban hingga babak belur. Tak puas melihat dada korban masih berdetak, sejumlah orang menyiram tubuh Zoya dengan bensin dan membakarnya.
Melihat rekaman penganiayaan dan pembakaran terhadap Zoya yang viral di media sosial, menarasikan kondisi jiwa paling liar dari seorang manusia. Perasaan iba, belas kasih sesama manusia, dan akal sehat seolah tak ada lagi yang tersisa. Salah satu pengurus masjid bahkan sampai menangis tak kuasa melihat betapa kejam dan pendeknya sumbu kesabaran para pelaku pembakaran. Bagaimana sesungguhnya struktur kejiwaan bekerja hingga perilaku yang muncul melampaui batas-batas kemanusiaan?
Psikologi Impulsif
Teori psikoanalisis yang dikembangkan Sigmund Freud mungkin bisa menjabarkan bagaimana kondisi psikologis para pelaku yang sangat sadis. Freud menjelaskan bahwa tantangan terbesar yang dihadapi manusia adalah mengendalikan dorongan agresif. Ketika alat kendali berupa akal sehat dan perasaan telah hilang dalam diri manusia, maka energi psikis akan dikuasai jiwa impulsif dan tindakan primitif.
Jika demikian, dapat dipastikan bahwa massa yang melakukan tindakan main hakim sendiri telah mengalami kematian akal sehat, sehingga tak mampu mencegah dorongan agresivitas. Tak ada proses klarifikasi terlebih dahulu dan pengumpulan informasi yang cukup untuk mengambil suatu keputusan.
Pertemuan simpul-simpul kejiwaan yang impulsif dalam suatu kerumunan memang sangat membahayakan. Ibarat daun kering, jiwa impulsif mudah dikumpulkan, tapi susah diikat. Cepat terhambur dan gampang terbakar. Psikologi kerumunan memang memiliki daya pendorong sangat kuat untuk melakukan tindakan gegabah. Gustave Le Bon (1841-1931) menyatakan psikologi kerumunan seperti agitator yang siap memobilisasi massa dengan ekspresi mental yang rapuh. Ketika satu orang memprovokasi, misalnya, maka yang lain akan terpancing emosinya untuk mengikuti seruan. Makanya, tanpa perangkat akal sehat dan hati nurani yang kuat, mengendalikan energi impulsif di tengah kerumunan menjadi sangat sulit.
Tindak Tegas
Melihat bahaya tindakan main hakim sendiri menuntut penegak hukum untuk menindaknya secara tegas. Sebab, jika dibiarkan, akan menjadi preseden buruk yang dalam jangka panjang melahirkan peradilan jalanan. Masyarakat akan mengalami kecemasan luar biasa karena hukum tak lagi hadir sebagai penengah. Budaya tertib hukum masyarakat akan menjelma menjadi budaya barbar. Sehingga timbullah azas hukum rimba: siapa kuat ia menang.
Di samping itu, menindak tegas eigenrichting juga bertujuan meneguhkan kembali daulat konstitusi. Tindakan main hakim sendiri telah menafikan eksistensi Indonesia sebagai negara yang menjunjung tinggi hukum. Sehingga proses penyelesaian berbagai persoalan di masyarakat ditempuh melalui hukum rimba.
Para pelaku main hakim sendiri telah melecehkan otoritas negara. Kewenangan polisi, jaksa, hakim, diambil alih dengan mengambil keputusan sendiri. Oleh karena itu, perlu penanganan serius dan proses penegakan hukum yang tegas dan adil. Sehingga menimbulkan efek jera bagi pelaku dan menjadi perhatian bagi masyarakat luas. Polisi sebagai alat negara harus meningkatkan peran memelihara keamanan dan ketertiban masyarakat, menegakkan hukum, serta memberikan perlindungan, pengayoman dan pelayanan kepada masyarakat.
Dalam kacamata hukum, tindakan main hakim sendiri merupakan perbuatan menghakimi orang lain berbentuk penyiksaan, penganiayaan, pembakaran, pemukulan, tanpa mengindahkan hukum yang berlaku. Tindakan main hakim sendiri lazimnya dilakukan secara massal. Subyek pelakunya tidak tunggal. Sehingga banyak pasal yang bisa dikenakan antara lain Pasal 351 KUHP tentang Penganiayaan, Pasal 170 KUHP tentang Kekerasan, Pasal 406 KUHP tentang Perusakan.
Pasal 170 ayat (2) KUHP, misalya, menyatakan, barang siapa di muka umum bersama-sama melakukan kekerasan terhadap orang atau barang, dihukum penjara selama-lamanya dua belas tahun jika kekerasan itu menyebabkan matinya orang. Kata “bersama-sama” menunjukkan perbuatan tersebut bersifat kolektif namun tidak terorganisir dan tidak jelas kedudukan pelaku satu dengan yang lain. Kualifikasi perbuatan pidananya juga bersifat reaktif atau spontanitas sehingga tidak termasuk dalam kualifikasi delik penyertaan yang karakteristik massanya terorganisir.
Otokritik
Terlepas bahwa eigenrichting terkutuk dan sangat bertentangan dengan hukum, kejadian main hakim sendiri hendaknya juga jadi bahan evaluasi bagi penegak hukum. Ketika hukum garang pada kelompok proletar, namun tumpul mengadili perkara besar yang melibatkan pejabat, kepercayaan masyarakat terhadap hukum bakal menurun. Akibatnya, persoalan sosial kerap diselesaikan melalui cara-cara pragmatis, tribal, dan jauh dari nilai keadaban.
Masyarakat muak menyaksikan kepongahan penguasa yang merampas uang rakyat melalui korupsi. Aparat hukum yang seharusnya menjadi pioner dalam menjaga keagungan hukum justru memanipulasi hukum untuk kepentingan kelompok tertentu. Ketidakpastian hukum tersebut membuat masyarakat mencari cara purba dalam mengemukakan kritik dan perlawanan. Singkatnya, belajar dari kejadian pembakaran Zoya, semua komponen dari masyarakat, penguasa, dan penegak hukum harus rela hati saling mengevaluasi diri agar tatanan keadaban hukum yang selama ini kita jaga tetap memiliki marwah.
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